Quo Fata Ferunt! QFF! Die ECHTE Illuminati shit... Welkom in de Hel! - complotten, ufo's, karma, illuminati, nonsens, wetenschap, kennis en verlichting! QFF

Nieuwe Groep van Werelddienaren
De Elektrische Brug

Ik had de pdf helemaal gelezen, daar houd ik nou van interessante nederlandse lappen tekst, in plaats van die engelse waar als je het leest geen einde aan lijkt te komen en je de helft van de tijd doorheen spacet.
Maar dat zal wel alleen voor mij gelden. Ik ben hier iig dankbaar voor.
Maar wel een vraagje, waar op die site word er gelinkt naar die pdf, zou je daar een link van kunnen passen?

Heej Vril!

Wat jij noemt is ook exact wat mij zo aantrekt Hele site staat trouwens vol met boeiende informatie (vind ik althans).

Ik zie op de site zo 1,2,3 geen link naar het artikel.

@ Vrillon en Dromen

Hierzo
www.ngwd.nl/nl/Nieuwe_ontwikkelingen/Wetenschap.html

Toch even een stukje quoten wat ik zo belangrijk vind en wat vaak mis gaat. Om aan te tonen dat de wetenschap gebouwd is op 'leugens'. Zwarte gaten, donkere materie, donkere energie, etc.

Bovendien vind ik het zo 'grappig' dat die mensen die in Elenin geloven en die thoerie beschrijven, roepen dat het universum elektrisch is. Prima! Maar vervolgens komen ze wel met argumenten als zwarte gaten, etc.

Mooi man

Zit nu in deze:
www.ngwd.nl/nl/Stof_tot_nadenken/afb_lezingen/De%20Samenstelling%20van%20de%20Mens%201.pdf

Ik was een beetje terughoudend, maar damn wat is dit interessant! Er is ook nog een deel 2 trouwens.

De Elektrische Brug

Dromen schreef:


En deeltje twee..als aanvulling...

ngwd.nl/nl/Stof_tot_nadenken/afb_lezingen/De%20Samenstelling%20van%20de%20Mens%202.pdf

Peace out...i am with you !

GKS

Mooi onderwerp Combi, ook weer leuke verbanden zo groot zo klein

THE HUMAN DNA IS A BIOLOGICAL INTERNET and superior in many aspects to the artificial one. Russian scientific research directly or indirectly explains phenomena such as clairvoyance, intuition, spontaneous and remote acts of healing, self healing, affirmation techniques, unusual light/auras around people (namely spiritual masters), mind’s influence on weather patterns and much more. In addition, there is evidence for a whole new type of medicine in which DNA can be influenced and reprogrammed by words and frequencies WITHOUT cutting out and replacing single genes.

Only 10% of our DNA is being used for building proteins. It is this subset of DNA that is of interest to western researchers and is being examined and categorized. The other 90% are considered “junk DNA.” The Russian researchers, however, convinced that nature was not dumb, joined linguists and geneticists in a venture to explore those 90% of “junk DNA.” Their results, findings and conclusions are simply revolutionary! According to them, our DNA is not only responsible for the construction of our body but also serves as data storage and in communication. The Russian linguists found that the genetic code, especially in the apparently useless 90%, follows the same rules as all our human languages. To this end they compared the rules of syntax (the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences), semantics (the study of meaning in language forms) and the basic rules of grammar. They found that the alkalines of our DNA follow a regular grammar and do have set rules just like our languages. So human languages did not appear coincidentally but are a reflection of our inherent DNA.



The Russian biophysicist and molecular biologist Pjotr Garjajev and his colleagues also explored the vibrational behavior of the DNA. [For the sake of brevity I will give only a summary here. For further exploration please refer to the appendix at the end of this article.] The bottom line was: “Living chromosomes function just like solitonic/holographic computers using the endogenous DNA laser radiation.” This means that they managed for example to modulate certain frequency patterns onto a laser ray and with it influenced the DNA frequency and thus the genetic information itself. Since the basic structure of DNA-alkaline pairs and of language (as explained earlier) are of the same structure, no DNA decoding is necessary.


One can simply use words and sentences of the human language! This, too, was experimentally proven! Living DNA substance (in living tissue, not in vitro) will always react to language-modulated laser rays and even to radio waves, if the proper frequencies are being used.

This finally and scientifically explains why affirmations, autogenous training, hypnosis and the like can have such strong effects on humans and their bodies. It is entirely normal and natural for our DNA to react to language. While western researchers cut single genes from the DNA strands and insert them elsewhere, the Russians enthusiastically worked on devices that can influence the cellular metabolism through suitable modulated radio and light frequencies and thus repair genetic defects.



Garjajev’s research group succeeded in proving that with this method chromosomes damaged by x-rays for example can be repaired. They even captured information patterns of a particular DNA and transmitted it onto another, thus reprogramming cells to another genome. ?So they successfully transformed, for example, frog embryos to salamander embryos simply by transmitting the DNA information patterns! This way the entire information was transmitted without any of the side effects or disharmonies encountered when cutting out and re-introducing single genes from the DNA. This represents an unbelievable, world-transforming revolution and sensation! All this by simply applying vibration and language instead of the archaic cutting-out procedure! This experiment points to the immense power of wave genetics, which obviously has a greater influence on the formation of organisms than the biochemical processes of alkaline sequences.

Esoteric and spiritual teachers have known for ages that our body is programmable by language, words and thought. This has now been scientifically proven and explained. Of course the frequency has to be correct. And this is why not everybody is equally successful or can do it with always the same strength. The individual person must work on the inner processes and maturity in order to establish a conscious communication with the DNA. The Russian researchers work on a method that is not dependent on these factors but will ALWAYS work, provided one uses the correct frequency.

But the higher developed an individual’s consciousness is, the less need is there for any type of device! One can achieve these results by oneself, and science will finally stop to laugh at such ideas and will confirm and explain the results. And it doesn’t end there.?The Russian scientists also found out that our DNA can cause disturbing patterns in the vacuum, thus producing magnetized wormholes! Wormholes are the microscopic equivalents of the so-called Einstein-Rosen bridges in the vicinity of black holes (left by burned-out stars).? These are tunnel connections between entirely different areas in the universe through which information can be transmitted outside of space and time. The DNA attracts these bits of information and passes them on to our consciousness. This process of hyper communication is most effective in a state of relaxation. Stress, worries or a hyperactive intellect prevent successful hyper communication or the information will be totally distorted and useless.

2012indyinfo.com/2011/10/12/scientist-prove-dna-can-be-reprogrammed-by-words-and-frequencies/

nog een link met info...

blog.world-mysteries.com/science/controversial-dna-discoveries/

1 Wat 'oudjes':

DNA is a semiconductor
Apr 1, 1999
physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/1999/apr/01/dna-is-a-semiconductor


DNA molecules - the building blocks of life - can conduct electricity as efficiently as a good semiconductor according to two Swiss physicists. Hans-Werner Fink and Christian Schönenberger from the University of Basel say that DNA's electrical properties make it "ideally suited for the construction of mesoscopic electronic devices" (Nature 398 407).

Fink and Schönenberger made their measurements by placing discrete amounts of DNA molecules in a water-based solution. A tiny droplet of the solution was then placed onto a gold-coated carbon foil. Blotting paper was then used to remove most of the water on the device, causing some of the individual DNA molecules to span the holes in the foil. According to their calculations, these strands coalesce into a DNA 'rope' 2 microns in diameter.

By using a low-energy coherent electron beam from a LEEP microscope, Fink and Schönenberger were able to visualise the DNA strands without damaging the molecules. Next they used a mechanical tip to break one end of the DNA rope away from the foil. The tip was then used to create a small measurable voltage between this end of the rope and the foil.


===================

Superconductivity: it's in the genes
Jan 12, 2001
physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2001/jan/12/superconductivity-its-in-the-genes


In the quest for ever-smaller electronic devices, scientists have long dreamt of building circuits up atom by atom. But finding molecules capable of conducting electric current has not been easy. Now, Alik Kasumov of the Laboratoire de Physique des Solides in France and co-workers have shown that DNA molecules act as ohmic conductors above 1 K and that below this temperature they can superconduct (A Y Kasumov et al 2001 Science 291 280).

Following on from the discovery that carbon nanotubes can act as electrical wires, Kasumov showed two years ago that these rolled up sheets of graphite atoms lose their resistance when connected to superconductors. Now Kasumov has shown that this is also true for DNA by connecting double-stranded DNA molecules to rhenium and carbon superconducting electrodes 0.5 µm apart. By cooling the electrodes to below their superconducting transition temperatures, the researchers observed so-called 'proximity induced' superconductivity in the DNA.

Evidence for electrical conductivity in DNA molecules has been inconclusive until now. Optical experiments have shown that a transfer of charge may be possible in such molecules. But the message from transport measurements has been mixed: some have indicated that DNA could be a conductor while others suggested that DNA is an insulator. Kasumov and colleagues have found that above 1 K, the resistance per molecule is less than 100 kilo-ohm, a figure that varies weakly with temperature and is an order of magnitude lower than previous measurements. Even at very low temperatures, the researchers found that DNA molecules can conduct ohmically over distances of a few hundred nanometres.

However, the physical mechanism responsible for conduction in DNA remains unclear and it is possible that the contacts act as strong dopants of electrons or holes. The researchers add that conductivity measurements could in turn help biologists to look for particular sequences of base pairs within DNA molecules.


================================

DNA induced to superconductivity
By Kimberly Patch
www.trnmag.com/Stories/020701/DNA_induced_to_superconductivity_020701.html


DNA has already proved itself most useful as the basis of life on earth and is showing promise for massively parallel computing in a test tube. More controversial is its potential role as a material that conducts electricity.

There have been several attempts to test the electrical conductivity of DNA molecules, and the results are mixed. In one of the latest efforts, a research group from France and Russia has shown that DNA can conduct electricity and even becomes a proximity-induced superconductor when its metal contacts become superconducting at very low temperatures.

The measurements, though preliminary, show promise for using DNA in sensing applications and eventually in building nanoscale electrical circuits.

The researchers used double-stranded, six-micron-long DNA molecules as connectors between rhenium and carbon electrodes.

The tricky part in getting the DNA to conduct was finding contacts that effectively funnel the electricity through the DNA, said Helene Bouchiat, director of research at the in the French National Center for Scientific Research. "We had made some tries with pure gold contacts with no success. We used carbon as a top layer hoping that it [would] promote chemical bonding between the molecule in the contact," she said.

If the researchers results are correct, DNA could easily be used to conduct electricity, said Danny Porath, a physicist at the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Tel Aviv University. "The conduction properties described here are by far better than those found in previous experiments and beyond expectations of many people in the field. If this is correct that means that DNA is indeed an incredible candidate for molecular electronics," he said.

The researchers built the structures on stable, freshly cleaved mica substrates. The first layer was a two-nanometer-thick layer of rhenium. Then came a two-nanometer-thick layer of DNA molecules, which was combed into one direction using the flow of the solution. The top layer was a forest of individual carbon fibers up to 40 nanometers tall, according to Bouchiat.

The thickness of the rhenium layer was carefully controlled in order to minimize kinks in the DNA molecules at the edges of the metallic pads. Keeping kinks out of the DNA is a key to providing good conduction from the contacts through the DNA molecules, according to Bouchait.

The researchers calculations showed that 100 to 200 DNA molecules bridged the two electrodes in their samples. In several samples they destroyed some of the DNA in order to get structures that contained from 3 to 40 combed DNA molecules.

The researchers flowed electricity between the electrodes through the DNA in order to measure the resistance of the DNA.

The DNA provided an average resistance of about 300 kilohm per DNA molecule, although the actual number is likely lower because all the combed molecules were not necessarily in contact with the electrodes, according to Bouchait. For comparison, the resistance of metallic, single-walled nanotubes is typically 100 kilohm and the resistance of semiconducting nanotubes is one megaohm or higher.

The experiments showed that the molecules can conduct electricity over distances of a few hundred nanometers even at very low temperatures. The researchers also found that the resistance of DNA dropped considerably when the electrodes became superconducting at one degree Kelvin. Zero Kelvin is absolute zero, or -273 degrees Celsius.

Superconductivity occurs when electrons moving through a material face no resistance. The electrons become coherent in the quantum mechanical sense, meaning they behave as though they are a single wave.

The resistance of the DNA samples increased steadily as the temperature decreased until the temperature fell below the superconducting temperature of the contacts. At this point the resistance of the samples that had 30 and 40 combed DNA molecules decreased substantially. These transition changes showed that there was proximity-induced superconductivity in the DNA molecules themselves, according to Bouchait.

It has historically proven difficult to make DNA conduct electricity, which makes many researchers cautious about these results. The results are "very surprising, but very important if correct," said Porath.

According to researchers who have found conductivity in DNA, the important parameters are the contacts and the structure of the DNA. "There's no question that the connections are critical. I really think much of the variability of results [in] looking at DNA conductivity depends upon the variability in making connections," said Jacqueline Barton, a chemistry professor at the California Institute of Technology.

The exact order of the four types of base pairs that make up the DNA molecule also factor into the way DNA conducts electricity, said Barton. "We found from our solution studies the charge transport through DNA is very sensitive to base pair stacking and structure. It depends upon the overlap of the DNA base pairs."

If DNA were successfully harnessed as a conductor, self assembling networks of DNA could potentially be used eventually to build nanoscale electronic circuits. "This is one of the solutions for the prediction of Moore's Law that claims that we're heading towards the end of the conventional microelectronics," said Porath. "Possible replacements are systems that are made of building blocks and use self-assembly. The DNA, if conducting, would be a very good candidate for this purpose due to its... self-assembly properties... and large toolbox provided by enzymes," he said.

Using DNA for electronic circuits is a far-off goal, however. It is too early in the research to say whether this would even be possible, said Bouchiat.

Research applications like using conductivity to sense different types of DNA, however, could become practical within a few years, according to Bouchait.

Because the conduction in DNA is so sensitive to the order of its bases, it could be used as a way to sense various sequences, said Barton. "It provides a fundamentally new way to achieve sensitive... mutation analysis," said Barton.

Bouchiat's research colleagues were A. Yu Kasumov, M. Kociak, S. Gueron and B. Reulet from the CNRS, and V. T. Volkov and D.V. Klinov of the Russian Academy of Sciences. They published the research in the January 12, 2001 issue of Science. The research was funded by the CNRS and The Russian Academy of Sciences.

Timeline: < 3 years; many years
Funding: University
TRN Categories: MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS)
Story Type: News
Related Elements: Technical paper, "Proximity Induced Superconductivity in DNA," Science, January 12, 2001


========================================


Conduction seen in DNA backbone
Dec 17, 2007
physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2007/dec/17/conduction-seen-in-dna-backbone


Physicists in Japan have gained important new insights into how DNA might behave as an electrical conductor. Their discovery could help provide a better understanding of the role that conduction plays in how living cells detect and repair damaged DNA and could ultimately lead to strands of DNA being used in “molecular electronics” technologies of the future.

Biophysicists are keen to understand how electrons are conducted in DNA because conduction is thought to be an important mechanism by which enzymes recognize damaged DNA that, if not repaired, could lead to cancer. Some scientists also believe that conduction through DNA could protect the genomes of some organisms by transmitting the damage caused by oxidizing chemicals to certain locations on chromosomes where the damage causes the least harm.

Tiny electronic circuits
A better understanding of conduction could also lead to the engineering of new forms of DNA with properties more suited to electronic applications. DNA is an attractive building block for tiny electronic circuits because of its ability to assemble into complex interconnected patterns that would be required for assembling circuit components.

Not long after the double-stranded structure of DNA was revealed by Watson and Crick in 1953, scientists suspected that the molecule it might support electrical conduction. This is because the bases in the middle of the double helix stack in a way reminiscent of graphite – which is an excellent conductor. At about the same time, the physicist Leon Brillouin suggested that the DNA backbone – the long strands that support the bases and give DNA its structure – rather than the bases, might support conduction because of its periodic structure.

While the conductive properties of DNA have been studied using a wide range of techniques, most experiments have focused on understanding conduction in terms base stacking and have yielded conflicting results. Alternative or complementary conduction mechanisms – such as Brillouin’s backbone conduction – have been largely ignored.

Now, Tetsuhiro Sekiguchi of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency and Hiromi Ikeura-Sekiguchi at the AIST research centre are the first to measure how electrons move through the DNA backbone using a technique called resonant Auger spectroscopy ( (Phys. Rev Lett. 99 228102 ).

Spectator Auger decay
The team directed a beam of X-rays onto DNA to excite electrons from phosphorus atoms in the backbone of the molecule. If these electrons remain near to the site of their excitation, other electrons with a specific energy distribution indicative of “spectator Auger decay” will be emitted from the sample. However, if excited electrons are able to conduct along the backbone, the emitted electrons will have an energy distribution associated with "normal Auger decay."

By comparing the relative intensities of Auger electrons with spectator and normal decays, the team could determine the time that it takes for an electron to move away from a phosphorous atom and take part in conduction – called the delocalization time.

What they found is that electrons in the backbone delocalize in less than one femtosecond (10-15) in wet DNA. These results imply that electron movement occurs a thousand times faster in the DNA backbone than in the bases stacked in the core.

This first observation of conduction along the backbone could help reconcile the seemingly contradictory results of the many base-stacking studies of conduction. Indeed, these latest results suggest that focusing on the interplay between electron transport through the backbone and the stacked bases could be crucial to understanding DNA conduction.

About the author

André Brown is doing a PhD in biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania

2 Wat 'oudjes':

Nano-sized voltmeter measures electric fields deep within cells
By Nancy Ross-Flanigan
www.ur.umich.edu/0708/Dec03_07/10.shtml


A wireless, nano-scale voltmeter developed at U-M is overturning conventional wisdom about the physical environment inside cells. It may someday help researchers tackle such tricky medical issues as why cancer cells grow out of control and how damaged nerves might be mended.

Professor Raoul Kopelman discussed the device Dec. 1 during a special session, "Creating Next Generation Nano Tools for Cell Biology," at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology in Washington, D.C.

"The basic idea behind this field of research is to follow cellular processes — both normal and abnormal — by monitoring physical properties inside the cell. There's a long history of research on the chemistry happening inside the cell, but now we're getting interested in measuring the physical properties, because physical and chemical processes are related," says Kopelman, who is the Richard Smalley Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry, Physics and Applied Physics.

With a diameter of about 30 nanometers, the spherical device is 1,000-fold smaller than existing voltmeters, Kopelman says. It is a photonic instrument, meaning it uses light to do its work, rather than the electrons that electronic devices employ.

Kopelman's former postdoctoral fellow Katherine Tyner, now at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, used the nano-voltmeter to measure electric fields deep inside a cell — a feat that until now was impossible. Scientists have measured electric fields in the membranes that surround cells, but not in the interior, Kopelman says.

With the new approach, the researchers are able to deploy thousands of voltmeters at once, spread throughout the cell. Each unit is a single nano-particle that contains voltage-sensitive dyes. When stimulated with blue light, the dyes emit red and green light, and the ratio of red to green corresponds to the strength of the electric field in the area of interest.

Tyner's measurements revealed surprisingly high electric fields in cytosol, the jellylike material that makes up most of a cell's interior.

"The standard paradigm has been that there are zero electric fields in cytosol," Kopelman says, "but all of the 13 regions we measured had high electric field strength as high as 15 million volts per meter." In comparison, the electrical field strength inside a typical home is five to 10 volts per meter; directly under a power transmission line, it's 10,000 volts per meter. Kopelman, Tyner and coauthor Martin Philbert, professor of environmental health sciences and associate dean for research at the School of Public Health, published a report on the nano-voltmeter and their paradigm-shattering findings in Biophysical Journal in August.

Philbert, a neurotoxicologist, is exploring how intracellular fields change with exposure to nerve toxins. Kopelman, who is collaborating with Philbert and researchers in the U-M medical school on new approaches to cancer detection and treatment, is interested in comparing electric fields in cancerous and non-cancerous cells.


===============================

Nano-sized voltmeter measures electric fields deep within cells
November 30, 2007
phys.org/news115650653.html


A wireless, nano-scale voltmeter developed at the University of Michigan is overturning conventional wisdom about the physical environment inside cells. It may someday help researchers tackle such tricky medical issues as why cancer cells grow out of control and how damaged nerves might be mended.

U-M professor Raoul Kopelman will discuss the device Saturday during a special session, "Creating Next Generation Nano Tools for Cell Biology," at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology in Washington, D.C.

"The basic idea behind this field of research is to follow cellular processes—both normal and abnormal—by monitoring physical properties inside the cell. There's a long history of research on the chemistry happening inside the cell, but now we're getting interested in measuring the physical properties, because physical and chemical processes are related," said Kopelman, who is the Richard Smalley Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry, Physics and Applied Physics.

With a diameter of about 30 nanometers, the spherical device is 1,000-fold smaller than existing voltmeters, Kopelman said. It is a photonic instrument, meaning that it uses light to do its work, rather than the electrons that electronic devices employ.

Kopelman's former postdoctoral fellow Katherine Tyner, now at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, used the nano-voltmeter to measure electric fields deep inside a cell—a feat that until now was impossible. Scientists have measured electric fields in the membranes that surround cells, but not in the interior, Kopelman said.

With the new approach, the researchers don't simply insert a single voltmeter; they're able to deploy thousands of voltmeters at once, spread throughout the cell. Each unit is a single nano-particle that contains voltage-sensitive dyes. When stimulated with blue light, the dyes emit red and green light, and the ratio of red to green corresponds to the strength of the electric field in the area of interest.

Tyner's measurements revealed surprisingly high electric fields in cytosol—the jellylike material that makes up most of a cell's interior.

"The standard paradigm has been that there are zero electric fields in cytosol," Kopelman said, "but all of the 13 regions we measured had high electric field strength—as high as 15 million volts per meter." In comparison, the electrical field strength inside a typical home is five to 10 volts per meter; directly under a power transmission line, it's 10,000 volts per meter. Kopelman, Tyner and coauthor Martin Philbert, professor of environmental health sciences and associate dean for research at the U-M School of Public Health, published a report on the nano-voltmeter and their paradigm-shattering findings in Biophysical Journal in August.

Those findings leave the researchers wondering why electrical fields exist inside cells.

"I don't know the answer to that," Kopelman said. "I suspect that finding out exactly what's going on will keep a lot of people working for a long time." But the ability to measure internal cellular electrical fields should aid in that endeavor.

It's already known that changes in electrical fields associated with membranes can play a role in diseases such as Alzheimer's, and researchers have been exploring the use of externally-applied electric fields to stimulate wound healing and nerve growth and regeneration.

As for the U-M researchers, Philbert, a neurotoxicologist, is exploring how intracellular fields change with exposure to nerve toxins, and Kopelman, who is collaborating with Philbert and researchers in the U-M medical school on new approaches to cancer detection and treatment, is interested in comparing electric fields in cancerous and non-cancerous cells. But they're also open to other avenues of research, Kopelman said.

"One reason for going to the ASCB meeting is to confer with colleagues and strategize about where to go next."

Source: University of Michigan


===========================

Mighty Electric Fields Found Inside Cells
15 million volts per meter? Ay, carumba.
By Jocelyn Rice|Friday,
March 14, 2008
discovermagazine.com/2008/mar/14-mighty-electric-fields-found-inside-cells


The smallest voltmeter in the world has produced a shocking revelation: Lurking deep inside an ordinary cell are electric fields strong enough to cause a bolt of lightning.

While it has long been gospel that cell membranes contain strong electric fields, researchers have generally assumed that 99.9 percent of a cell’s volume was electrically dormant. But when University of Michigan biophysical chemist Raoul Kopelman, the tiny voltmeter’s inventor, flooded rat brain cells with the devices, he detected fields as strong as 15 million volts per meter throughout.

This is the first time the voltmeter has been used in a study, and its potential is as exciting as Kopelman’s find. It is roughly one-thousandth the size of any other voltmeter; thousands can fit in a single cell and still take up only one-millionth of the cell’s volume. The device is filled with voltage-sensitive dye that gives off green to red light in proportion to the surrounding electric field. The light is then measured using a microscope, yielding a three-dimensional map of the electric fields.

Kopelman plans to continue using his device to probe cells for clues about what happens when diseases or toxins injure them.


=========================================

The Currents Of Life
www.science-frontiers.com/sf012/sf012p06.htm


Danny Brower and Richard McIntosh of the University of Colorado at Boulder have discovered that growing cells apparently generate electrical fields that control the shapes of living organisms. They have been experimenting with a disc-shaped alga with a lobed edge. Normally the algo reproduces by splitting in half, with each half regenerating the lost half. Nicely symmetric discs are manufactured. But if an external electrical field (about 14 volts/cm) is applied across the nutrient medium, the regeneration geometry is distorted. The experimenters surmise that the membrane chemistry is affected by the external field which augments or reduces cell-created electric fields.

(Anonymous; "Electric Charges May Shape Living Tissue," New Scientist, 86:245, 1980.)

Comment. Natural external electric fields, such as the atmospheric potential gradient, may therefore have some biological effects, as some experiments with electricity and plant growth have proven.

From Science Frontiers #12, Fall 1980. © 1980-2000 William R. Corliss